What potential risk is associated with long-term use of corticosteroids?

Long-term use of corticosteroids is associated with decreased bone density due to their impact on the body's metabolism of calcium and vitamin D. Corticosteroids can cause an increase in bone resorption and a decrease in bone formation, leading to a condition known as osteoporosis, which heightens the risk of fractures. This side effect is particularly significant in individuals who may already be predisposed to bone density loss, making it crucial to monitor those on long-term corticosteroid therapy closely for changes in bone health.

In contrast, the other options suggest effects that are not typical of corticosteroid use. Enhanced immune response is not a characteristic of corticosteroids; rather, these medications are known to suppress the immune system. Increased energy levels and improved memory function are also not recognized benefits or effects linked to corticosteroid therapy, as these drugs can often lead to fatigue or cognitive changes instead.